Neighbourhoods with similar levels of poverty experienced dramatically different outcomes depending on the quality of their “social infrastructure”: public spaces, institutions and everyday interactions that enable neighbours to recognise vulnerability and care for one another.

Reflecting on France‘s current heatwave, Professor Klinenberg suggests that climate adaptation is fundamentally a social as well as an engineering challenge. While acknowledging improvements in preparedness since France’s traumatic 2003 heatwave, he warns that the accelerating pace of climate change is outstripping the capacity of cities to adapt. Rising temperatures expose not only weaknesses in urban design but also deeper inequalities, social isolation and the invisibility of the most vulnerable. His central argument is that resilience depends not simply on cooling technologies, but on communities capable of transforming social connection into collective protection.