Nadia Massih is pleased to welcome Dr. Antoine Flahault, Epidemiologist, Researcher, and Professor at Université Paris Cité – Hospital Bichat. France’s latest heatwave has once again exposed healthcare systems were largely designed for another era. While the immediate focus often falls on soaring temperatures and overcrowded emergency departments, Dr. Flahault argues that the deeper issue is institutional adaptation. He suggests that France has learned important lessons since the deadly 2003 heatwave, with hospitals adopting better clinical practices and emergency planning. Yet as heatwaves become more frequent and intense, protecting vulnerable populations will increasingly require structural investment, particularly widespread access to air conditioning in hospitals, care homes, schools and, for those most at risk, private homes.